Soal dan Jawaban Toefl

TOEFL

Section One: Reading Comprehension

1. (A) She reads more slowly than the man does.

(B) She has a 1ot of material to read before she has coffee.

(D) The man seems to be taking a long time preparing for philosophy class.

2. (A) The woman should have shown him the newspaper.

(B) He thinks the woman will win the contest.

(D) The new photograph does not look anything like her others.

3. (A) Return his literature books to the bookstore.

(B) Keep his books from the literature class.

(D) Visit the reference section of the library.

4. (A) Give the secretary Janet's new address and phone number.

(B) Ask Janet a question about his health.

(C) Get information about Janet from the secretary.

(D) Visit Janet at her new school.

5. (A) She will help the man find the exhibit.

(B) She has already seen the exhibit.

(D) She knows where to get a map.

6. (A) She is also planning to travel.

(B) She already picked up money for the trip.

(D) She thinks the man should take more money.

7. (A) The woman should not get involved in the situation

(B) The woman should not be angry with he friends.

(D) He will explain to the woman what happened.

8. (A) What travel plans Philip is making

(B) How Philip s parents are going to travel

(D) Where Philip heard the news

9. (A) She will have to postpone her trip.

(B) She has already gotten her passport application.

(D) She was late in applying for her passport.

10. (A) He has not played tennis in a while.

(B) He does not know how to play tennis.

(D) He needs to rest before he plays.

11. (A) No one was interested in the discussion.

(B) Politics is a sensitive topic.

(D) People avoided discussing politics.

12. (A) She already read the book.

(B) She will not lend her book to the man.

(D) The man does not need the book.

13. (A) It is about to start raining.

(B) The rain will stop soon.

(D) It just stopped raining.

14. (A) She is not permitted to live off-campus this year.

(B) She has been living off-campus for a year.

(D) She is required to move next year.

15. (A) She misses her old roommate.

(B)She changes roommates often.

(D) She did not really enjoy living with Julie.

16. (A) Take a shorter route

(B) Buy new sun glasses

(D) Consider using Route 27

17. (A) Give her ticket to the man

(B) Borrow some jazz music from someone else

(D) Help the man to complete his paper

18. (A) Sullivan's has never been able to keep its chef.

(B) The service at Sullivan's is dependable.

(D) Customers get a lot of personal attention at Sullivan's.

19. (A) She thinks the wearier is pleasant.

(B) She has been working hard in the lab.

(D) She has been staying up quite late recently.

20. (A) The woman can wear it all winter.

(B) The woman may have trouble paying for it.

(D) It will not fit if the woman loses weight.

21. (A) Introduce Michelle to the other reporters

(B) Take Michelle home

(D) Start working at his desk

22, (A) They should turn left when they see a stop sign.

(B) He does not have the directions with him.

(D) He does not know which way to turn.

23. (A) Ho has not been to the new restaurant yet.

(B) He would like to go to the new restaurant with the woman

(D) A restaurant 's atmosphere is very important to him

24. (A) She is planning to drop the class.

(B) She thinks the man wants to take the class.

(D) She has to leave for class.

25. (A) Ho does not feel very well.

(B) He had several teeth filled.

(D) The woman is mistaken.

26. (A) Business courses have become popular

(B) The school only offers business courses.

(D) The school has just started to offer business courses.

27. (A) His alarm clock is broken.

(B) He bas been late before.

(D) He worked in the lab last night.

28. (A) He will lend the woman moneyto buy a computer.

(B) The woman should wait a while before buying a computer.

(D) The woman should buy a computer.

29. (A) There are none left.

(B) They are too expensive.

(D) They need to be purchased in advance.

30. (A) She will go to the restaurant with the man.

(B) She will meet the man and his friends later in the evening.

(D) She will not change her original plans.

31. (A) A famous photographer

(B) Photographic processes in the 1800's

(D) A new museum

32. (A) Her subjects home

(B) Her subject's social status

(D) Her subject 's role in history

33. (A) Backlighting

(B) Flashbulbs

(D) Soft focus

34. (A) Children

(B) Historical scenes

(D) Landscapes

35. (A) Which major the woman will be choosing

(B) An anthropology course the woman is taking

(D) Which anthropology professors the man recommends

36.(A) It is not as difficult as she had thought it would be.

(B)She would like her professor to explain it more clearly.

(D) Her professor will write a book on it soon.

37. (A) lt might lead to a job in publishing.

(B) It is being taught by a famous anthropologist.

(D) It will prepare her for future work in anthropology.

38. (A)Her professor

(B) A classmate

(D) A foreign diplomat

39. (A) So they can feel its weight

(B) So they can examine its contents

(D) So they can admire its beautiful color

40. (A) How amber changes shape when heated

(B) How clear amber is

(D) How easily amber can break

41. (A) Tropical insects

(B) Decayed leaves

(D) Bird feathers

42. (A) Its amber contains numerous fossils.

(B) Its amber is the most durable.

(D) It is the site of the oldest amber deposits.

43. (A) Amber mined from the Appalachian Mountains

(B) Amber with no imperfections

(D) Amber with no inclusions

44. (A) The difficulties faced by the colonists

(B) The skill of military heroes

(D) The cause of the Revolutionary War

45. (A) He did not fight in the Revolution my War.

(B) He did not really exist.

(D) He was not the only messenger.

46. (A) It was well planned.

(B) It was completed in a short time.

(D) It helped him get elected to public office.

47. (A)To explain how angles are measured

(B) To prove that Mesopotamiansdid not know how to use square numbers

(D) To explain why tablets are reliable historical records

48. (A) They did not use square numbers.

(B) They used complex measuring instruments.

(D) They calculated the length of triangle sides.

49. (A) Pictures of triangles

(B) Calculations using square numbers

(D) Greek symbols

50. (A) They taught the Mesopotamians about square numbers.

(B) They were less advanced in mathematics than the Mesopotamians.

(D) They knew how to measure angles.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1. The ancestors of the horse lived ..... and were about half a meter tall.

(A) years ago 60 million

(B) 60 million years ago

(D) million years ago 60

2. The museum on Ellis Island, a former immigration station, contains documents and artifacts......to four centuries of United States immigration.

(A) related them

(B) related

(D) be related

3. ......, particularly the oxides of sulfur, greatly increases the rate at which rust forms.

(A) The presence of air pollutants

(B) Air pollutants are present

(D) Air pollutants whose presence

4. The Sun, the Moon, and Earth have magnetic fields, and......evidence that the stellar that extend through vast regions galaxies have fields of space.

(A) which is

(B) is

(D) There is

5. The “confederation school” poets of nineteenth-century Canada were primarily nature poets, ----- a wealth of eulogies to Canadian rural life.

(A) and producing

(B) who they produced

(D) whose production of

6. Since prehistoric people first applied natural pigments to cave walls, ---- have painted to express themselves.

(A) when artists

(B) artists

(D) that artists

7. About 42 million bushels of oats are used annually --- manufacture of breakfast foods in die United States.

(A) the

(B) is the

(D) to

8. Any acid can, in principle, neutralize any base, although .......between some of the more reactive compounds.

(A) side reactions can occur

(B) the occurrence of side reactions can

(D) side reactions that can occur

9. Just over two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by wafer, ...... more than 98 percent of this water is contained in the oceans.

(A) with

(B) which

(D) resulting

l0. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials .......to handle and to sort them.

(A) that almost compel one

(B) one compels

(D) one is almost compelled

11. In 1978 the united States National Air and Space Administration selected Sally Ride.......the first woman astronaut.

(A) who being

(B) to be

(D) was

12. Adhesions are ....... formed within the body in response to inflammation or injury.

(A) that thin bands of scar tissue

(B) they thin bands of scar tissue when

(D) thin bands of scar tissue able to

13. The planet Neptune is about 30 times ...... from the Sun as Earth is.

(A) far

(B) as far

(D) far that

14. Not until the 1850's ...... a few public-spirited citizens and state legislatures seek to rescue historic buildings in the United States from destruction or alteration.

(A) both

(B) came

(D) when

15. ----- 200 bones forming the framework, or skeleton, of the human body.

(A) Being over

(B)There are over

(D)Over

16. The world's water balance is regulated by the constant circulation of water in

A B C

Liquid and vapor tom among the oceans, the atmospheric, and the land.

17. The major purpose of the United States Department of Education are to ensure

equal educational opportunity for all and to improve the quality of education.

B C D

18. Massive gains in computer speed, power, and reliably have been largely due

A B C

to advances in silicon tec~logics and manufacturing processes.

19. The sunflower, the official state flower of Kansas, and is widespread in

A B

the prairies of the western United States.

C D

20. Lake Superior, part of the United States-Canadian boundary, is a largest

A B C

freshwater lake in the world.

21. The snapper, a large-headed fish with a long dorsal fin, is named to its

A B

characteristic way of suddenly shutting its mouth.

C D

22. The aim of the decorative arts is to beautiful our surroundings.

A B C D

23. Modern digital synthesizers, based on microprocessors, are virtually unlimited

A B

in the number and range of musical sounds it can produce.

C D

24. During the years he composed, Charles Ives was isolation from the music world;

A B

none of his major works was publicly performed.

C D

25. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy that attempts to eliminate conflict by alter the

A B C

personality in a positive way.

26. Globally, the 1990's stood out as the warmest decade for what we have weather

A B C D

records.

27. Silicon chips are reliable and cheap to produce in large numbers and are

used them in computers, calculators, programmed household appliances, and

B C

most electronic applications.

28. Because its pitch cannot easily be altered, the oboe serves as the standard

A B

which by the symphony orchestra is tuned.

C D

29. Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that form cushions between tendons and bones and

A B C

protect them while movement.

30. In 1916, United States suffragist Alice Paul founded the National Woman, s Patty,

a political party dedicate to establishing equal rights for women.

B C D

31. The spice cinnamon and the drugs cascara and quinine all come from bark, the

protective out layer of stems and roots of woody plants.

B C D

32. Tunas migrate long distances over all the world's oceans and occupy tropical,

A B C

temperate, and even some the cooler waters.

33. Taste buds, small sensory organ located on the tongue and palate, recognize four

A B

primary tastes: sweet, sour, salty and bitter.

C D

34. Astronauts receive extensive training to prepare themselves both physically and

A B C

psychologically for complexity and rigor of a space mission.

35. By 1900 several prominent technical institutions, including the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology, fashioned its own educational offerings to meet the

B C

industrial needs of the United States.

36. Some of the earliest mechanical devices were designed to raise water from

A B C

streams for the irrigate of crops.

37. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 increased the territory of the United States

by approximate 846,000 square miles, practically doubling the area of the

B C D

United States.

38. A most useful tool for analyzing the elemental composition of fossils is the

A B C

electron probe, a modify electron microscope.
D

39. Few substance on Earth equal the beauty of gemstones such as twinkling

A B C

diamonds, green emeralds, red rubies, blue sapphires, and multicolored opals.

40. For the purposes of the fine and decorative arts, metals have been used either in

A B C

their simple state and in uncomplicated alloys.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Question 1-10

After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but

remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the

first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimate]y,

Line however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author

5 Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children's

literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity

of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.

Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles for

instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional

10 entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's book market

expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria

Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructive

enough to allay adult distrust of fiction,

American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812

15 with the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything,and the self-conscious new

nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for

the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers

of children's books began to encourage American writers to write for American children.

When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive

20 to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's,

stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care,

of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses,

successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative as

they were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable from their British

25 counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means

disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of

birth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious.

self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier

American moralistic tradition in children's books.

1. What does the passage mainly 4. The word "they" in line 9 refers to

discuss?

(A) children

(A) The career of Maria (B) Americans

Edgeworth as an author (C) books

of children's books (D) vehicles

(B) The development of children's

literature in the United States 5. The word "allay" in line 13

children's books in Britain

and North America (A)clarify

(B) attack

(D) Basic differences between (C)reduce

British and American (D) confirm

literature for children

2. The publisher John Newbery is 6: It can be inferred from the passage

principally known for which of the that American children's books sold

following reasons? before 1785 were almost always

(A) He produced and sold books (A) written by Maria Edgeworth

written by Maria Edgeworth. (B) attractive and interesting to

(B) He had more influence on children

American children's (C) written by American authors

literature than any other (D) intended only for religious and

publisher, moral instruction

amusing children rather than

instructing them.

(D) He was commercially minded

and cheerful.

3. The word "notwithstanding" in

line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) in spite of

(B) in addition to

(D) as a part of

7. By the end of the eighteenth 9. According to the passage, American

century, the publishers of children’s children's stories differed from their

looks in the United States were British equivalents in that the

most concerned about which of the characters in American stories were

following?

(A) children who showed a change

(A) Attracting children with of behavior

entertaining stories that (B) children who were well

provided lessons of correct behaved

behavior (C) rarely servants

(B) Publishing literature consisting (D) generally not from a variety

of exciting stories that would of social classes

appeal to both children and

adults 10. The word" testimony to" in line 28

in both Britain and the

United States (A) inspiration for

(D) Reprinting fictional books (B) evidence of

from earlier in the century (C) requirement for

(D) development of

8. The word "permeated" in line 15

(A) opposed

(B) improved

(D) spread through

Question 11-21

Lichens. probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not

just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the

first life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche.

Line Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between

5 two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that

anchors the plant, The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life

that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants,

algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacture

their own food. The fungi arc believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to

10 the partnership.

Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce

(as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that

condition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no

rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface

15 of the plants at night, And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong

ultraviolet rays in the mountains.

Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old

that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of

these lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years.

20 For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got together

to form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen lo encounter one

another. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been

separated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by

animals; these toll or are blown to a new location

11. Which of the following questions 12. The word "hardiest" in line I is

does the passage answer? closest in meaning to

(A) Where can the oldest lichens (A) most unusual

be found? (B) most basic

(B) How long does it take for (C) most abundant

lichens to establish (D) most vigorous

themselves?

(D) Where do lichens usually

occur?

13. The word "framework" in line 5 is 18. All of the following are mentioned

closest in meaning to in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT:

(A) structure (A) They are capable of producing

(a) fragment their own food.

(D)environment minerals lo prosper.

(C)They are a union of two

14, The author mentions "the green film separate plants.

of plant life that grows on stagnant (D) They can live thousands of

pools" (lines 6-7) in order to explain years.

(A) how the sun affects lichens 19. What does the phrase "lichen

(B) why plants depend on water colonies (line 19)suggest?

(D) what algae arc (A) Nothing but lichens live in

some locations.

15. It can be inferred from the passage (B) Many lichens live together in

that lichens use less energy and one area.

grow more slowly when (C) Lichens displace the plants

that surround them.

(A) the environment is polluted (D)Certain groups of lichens have

(B) they are exposed to ultraviolet never been separated.

rays

(D) the supply of water is closest in meaning to

inadequate

(A) lose

16: Which of file following terms is (B) support

defined in the passage? (C) meet

(A) "anchors" (line 6) (D) create

(B) "stagnant" (line 7) 21. The word "these" in line 24 refers to

(D) "ultraviolet" (line 16) (A)partners

(B) buds

17. The word "prolonged" in line 13 is (C) lichens

closest in meaning to (D) animals

(A)precise

(B) extended

(D)regular

Question 22-31

The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no

linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for

Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we

Line cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient

5 languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform

script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform

tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them.

Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these

inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian

10 and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades,

but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar

Old Persian language:

Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French

troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried

15 the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic,

a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for several

decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were

decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta

stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that

20 replaced it.

Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the

early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions

disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years

As the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent

25 upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures

abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although

pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke

completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The

Old European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined and

eventually vanished.

22. What does the passage mainly 24, According to the passage, scholars

discuss? were able to decipher cuneiform

(A) Reasons for the failure to script with the help of

understand the written (A) the Sumerian, Akkadian,

records of Old European and Babylonian languages

culture (B) Old Persian.

(B) Influences on the development (C) tablets written in Old

of Old European script European

Old European script and eighteenth century Iran

other ancient writing systems

(D) Events leading to the 25. The word “fortuitous” in line 6

discovery of Old European is closet in meaning to

script (A) important

23. According to the passage, New (B) sudden

Elamite is (C) early

(D) lucky

(A) a language that was written

in the cuneiform script 26. The word "them" in line 7 refers to

(B) a modem language that

came from Old Persian (A) Sumerian, Akkadian, and

by the Old Europeans (B) bilingual inscriptions

(D) a language that was (C) cuneiform tablets

understood by the late (D) scholars

eighteenth century

27. When does the passage suggest 29, The word "thwarted" in line 16

that ancient Egyptian hieroglypttic is closest in meaning to

script was finally deciphered?

(A) continued

(A) At around the same time (B) influenced

as cuneiform script was (C) encouraged

deciphered (D) frustrated

(B) Shortly before the Rosetta

stone was unearthed 30. According to the passage,

bilingual inscriptions Old European populations to

became available to

scholars (A) separate into different tribes

(D) A few decades after the (B) move eastward

hieratic script was decoded (C) change their ways of living

obtaining food

28. According to the passage, which of (D) start recording historical

the following is true of the Rosetta events in Writing

stone? 31. The author mentions the Balkans

(A) It was found by scholars in the passage in order to explain

trying to decode ancient why

languages.

(B) It contains two versions of (A) Indo-European languages

hieroglyphic script. were slow to spread in Old

were decoded within a few (B) the inhabitants of Old Europe

months of its discovery. were not able to prevent

(D) Most of its inscriptions have Indo-European incursions

still not been decoded. (C) the use of the Old European

script declined

(D) the Old European culture

survived for a time after the

Indo-European incursions

Questions 32-40

Next to its sheer size, the profound isolation of its many small islands is the most

distinctive feature of the Pacific Ocean. Over 25,000 islands are scattered across the

surface of the Pacific, more than in all the other oceans combined, but their land area

Line adds up to little more than 125,000 square kilometers, about the size of New York State,

5 and their inhabitants total less than two million people, about a quarter of the number that

live in New York City. The oceanic islands of the Pacific are some of the most isolated

places on Earth. Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular

characteristics, but even the most favored are very isolated fragments of land, strictly

circumscribed by the ocean, strictly limited in terms of the numbers of people they can

10 support. This basic fact of environmental circumstance has been the most pervasive

influence in determining the social arrangements, and cultural practices of the people that

settled in the Pacific Islands.

The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime

colonization in human history. Contrary to the conclusions of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki

15 expedition of 1946, the evidence of plant dispersal, archaeology, linguistics, and genetics

now shows quite conclusively that the Pacific Islands were not populated from tile east by

South Americans who drifted on balsa-wood rafts and the prevailing wind and current, but

from the west, by groups from mainland Asia who gradually spread from island to island

out into the Pacific. The process began over 40,000 years ago and reached Easter Island

20 the most isolated place on Earth-about 1.500 years ago. It ended about 1,000 years ago,

when people first settled in Hawaii and New Zealand.

Simply surviving those ocean crossings of indeterminate length, in open canoes, to

arrive on the shores of uninhabited and hitherto unknown islands, was a formidable

achievement. But having found an oasis of land in a watery wilderness, crossed its reef,

25 and landed, on its shores, the survivors then faced a series of pressing problems for which

solutions had to be found quickly if the small group was to become a vigorous, self-

sustaining island population.

32. The word "scattered" in line 2 is 33. Why does the author mention New

closest in meaning to York City in line 6 ?

(A) widely known (A) To emphasize how small the

(B) usually estimated population of the Pacific

(D) irregularly distributed (B) To emphasize the extreme

distances between the Pacific

Islands and other regions

the Pacific Islands to other

regions

(D) To note the lack of urban

environments on the Pacific

Islands

34.The phrase "by virtue or" in line 7 is 38.The word "It' in line 20 refers to

closest in meaning to (A) Pacific

(A) regarding (B) process

(B) because of (C) isolated place

(D) in place of

39. The word "indeterminate" in line 22

35. The word "circumscribed" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

is closest in meaning to (A) undecided

(A) located (B) uncertain

(B) flooded (C) unacceptable

(D) pushed

40. The passage is most likely followed

36. Which of the following is NOT by a discussion of

mentioned as, evidence used to

determine Iht origins of Pacific (A) how settlers adapted to newly

discovered Pacific Ocean

Islands people? Islands

(A) Oral histories (B) the design and construction of

(B) Plant dispersal canoes used in the Pacific

(D) Archaeology (C) the characteristics sties of reefs in

the Pacific Islands

37. According to the-passage where (D) how early explorers of the

did the original inhabitants of the Pacific Ocean found their

Pacific Islands come from? way from island to island

(A) South America

(B) Hawaii

(D) Asia

Questions 41-50

The atmosphere that originally surrounded Earth was probably much different from

the air we breathe today. Earth's first atmosphere (some 4.6 billion years ago) was most

likely hy~ogen and helium--.the two most abundant gasses found in the universe--as

Line well as hydrogen compounds, such as methane and ammonia, Most scientists feel that

5 this early atmosphere escaped into space from the Earth's hot surface.

A second, more dense atmosphere, however, gradually enveloped Earth as gasses

from molten rocks within its hot interior escaped through volcanoes and steam vents.

We assume that volcanoes spewed out the same gasses then as they do today: mostly

water vapor (about g0 percent), carbon dioxide (about ten percent), and up to a few

10 percent nitrogen. These same gasses probably created Earth's second atmosphere.

As millions of years passed, the constant outpouring of gasses from the hot

interior--known as outgassing--provided a rich supply of water vapor, which formed

into clouds. Rain fell upon Earth for many thousands or years, forming the rivers,

lakes, and oceans of the world. During this Lime, large amounts of carbon dioxide were

15 dissolved in the oceans. Through chemical and biological processes, much of the carbon

dioxide became locked up in carbon sedimentary rocks, such as limestone. With much

of the water vapor already condensed into water and the concentration of carbon dioxide

dwindling, the atmosphere gradually became rich nitrogen.

It appears that oxygen, the second most abundant gas in today's atmosphere, probably

20 began an extremely slow increase in concentration as energetic rays from the sun split

water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen during a process called photodissociation. The

hydrogen, being lighter, probably rose and escaped into space, while the oxygen remained

in the atmosphere.

This slow increase in oxygen may have provided enough of this gas for primitive

25 plants to evolve, perhaps two to three billion years ago. Or the plants may have evolved

in an almost oxygen-free (anaerobic) environment. At any rate, plant growth greatly

enriched our atmosphere with oxygen. The reason for this enrichment is that plants, in

the presence of sunlight, process carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen.

41. What is the main idea of the 42. The word "enveloped" in line 6

passage? is closest in meaning to

(A) The original atmosphere (A) surrounded

on Earth was unstable. (B) changed

(B) The atmosphere on Earth (C) escaped

has changed over time. (D) characterized

created clouds, which 43. The word "they' in line 8 refers to

formed the Earth's

atmosphere. (A) gasses

(D) Plant growth depended on (B) volcanoes

oxygen in the Earth's (C) steam vents

atmosphere. (D) rocks

44. According to the passage. 48. The phase “At any rate ”in line 26

outgassing eventually led to all is closest in meaning to

of the following EXCEPT (A) regardless

(A) increases in the carbon dioxide (B) in addition

content of sedimentary rocks (C) although unlikely

(B) the formation of bodies of (D) fortunately

water

nitrogen of the Earth's atmosphere in terms

(D) the formation of clouds of the

45. The word "gradually" in line 18 (A) role of volcanoes in its

is closest in meaning to formation

(A) accidentally (B) occur in which changes

occurred

(B) quickly (C) time it took for the Earth's

(D) by degrees to appear

(D) chemical and physical features

46. The passage suggests that oxygen of gasses

remained in the atmosphere because

50. Which of the following does the

(A) it was caused by outgassing passage mention as necessary for

(B) it was heavier than hydrogen both the production of oxygen by

limestone production of oxygen by plants?

(D) rays from the sun created

equal amounts of hydrogen (A) Water:

and oxygen (B) Hydrogen

47. The author uses the word "Or" in (D) Nitrogen

line 25 to

(A) criticize the previous

suggestion

(B) provide unrelated information

(D)suggest an alternative

TWE Essay Question

Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

参考答案：

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